副词的异同
英语中有些副词有两种形式:一种与形容词同形;另一种由形容词词尾加后缀---ly构成,如slow和slowly等。这两种副词从形式上看大体相同,只是词尾有无后缀---ly之别,从词义、用法和位置来看少数时候相同,而多数时候却不一样。
一、相同情况:只有在与运动性或体动性动词连用时才可以互换。
1.在含有比较结构的句子中,如:
Let’s see who can run quickest/ most quickly. 咱们看看谁能跑得最快。
John ran slower/ more slowly than the others and missed the train. 约翰比其他人跑得慢,因而没赶上火车。
The flowers grew thickest/ most thickly near the wall. 墙边的花长得最密。
Can you speak a little louder/ more loudly ? 你能再稍大声点讲吗?
I saw him as clear(ly) as if he was standing here. 我清楚地看见他,就像他站在这儿一样。
He ran away as quick(ly) as he could after he saw his teacher. 他看到老师后拼命地跑开了。
【注意】下面两句不能互换:
The train went slower and slower until it stopped.
火车越走越慢,终于停下来了。(出于音调对称的考虑不用more and more slowly)
That was easier said than done. 这说起来容易,做起来难。(因为是谚语,其结构固定,不可换用more easily。)
2.在act, answer, buy, dig, drive, go, happen, lie, see, shine, speak, spell等动词的后面,或紧跟特
定的单音节动词之后,与之构成一种习语或置于句尾,如:
You acted quite right(ly). 你做得对。
I dug deep(ly) before I found water. 我挖得很深才找到水。
We had to drive slow(ly) all the way. 我们一路上必须把车开慢点。(slow一般只与go, drive, walk等动词连用)
He went direct(ly) to the office. 他直接去办公室。(direct多用于表路程和时间)
It happened so quick(ly) that I could do nothing. 一切都发生得这么快,我简直束手无策。
We had to lie quiet(ly) until the danger was over. 我们不得不静静地躺着直到危险结束。
You have spelt the word wrong(ly). 你把那个词拼写错了。
She buys her clothes cheap(ly). 她买衣服总是买得很便宜。
The moon shone bright(ly). 月光明媚。
He spoke loud(ly) and clear(ly). 他的讲话,声音洪亮,清楚。
【注意】speak后有quite或very修饰时只用clearly,如:She speaks quite/ very clearly. 她讲得很清楚。
二、不同情况:在许多情况下,二者是有区别的。
1.有的在意义上不同,如:
It’s pretty cold today.今天天气够冷的。
She’s prettily dressed.她穿着漂亮。
He works hard. 他努力工作。
He hardly works.他几乎不工作。
He arrived late for class. 他上课迟到了。
Have you seen her lately ? 你最近见到她了吗?
2.有的只是在用法上不同:与形容词同形的副词往往用在直接或具体的场合,表示程度; 以---ly结尾的
副词往往用在抽象的场合,表示方式。试比较:
She can jump very high. 她能跳得很高。(具体)
They speak very highly of your work. 他们高度赞扬你的工作。(抽象)
Follow close behind . 紧跟在后面。(直接而具体)
She resembles her father closely. 她很像她父亲。(抽象)
He lives quite near. 他住得很近。(具体而直接)
When the train got in, it was nearly ten o’clock. 火车进站的时候,已经将近十点钟了。(抽象)
Open your mouth wide. 把嘴张大。(具体)
He travelled widely. 他周游四方。(抽象)
3.有的在位置上不同:与形容词同形的副词多出现于口语或非正式的文体中,且多位于动词之后;以---ly
结尾的副词用法更广泛,位置更灵活,它既可位于动词之前,又可位于动词之后。如:
He rightly answered the question / answered the question right(ly). 这个问题他回答得对。
【说明】在和how连用的感叹句、宾语从句和某些习语中,少数与形容词同形的副词可以出现在动词的前面,如:
How slow(ly) the time passes ! 光阴过得真慢呀!
Do you know how easy he makes money ? 你知道他赚钱有多容易吗?
Easy come, easy go.来得容易,去得容易。
I clean forgot it was her birthday. 那天是她的生日,可我忘得一干二净。