1. 名词
名词可以分为专有名词(Proper Nouns)和普通名词 (Common Nouns)，专有名词是某个(些)人，地方，机构等专有的名称，如Beijing，China等。普通名词是一类人或东西或是一个抽象概念的名词，如：book，sadness等。普通名词又可分为下面四类：
1)个体名词(Individual Nouns)：表示某类人或东西中的个体，如：gun。
2)集体名词(Collective Nouns)：表示若干个个体组成的集合体，如：family。
3)物质名词(Material Nouns)：表示无法分为个体的实物，如：air。
4)抽象名词(Abstract Nouns)：表示动作、状态、品质、感情等抽象概念，如：work。
个体名词和集体名词可以用数目来计算，称为可数名词(Countable Nouns)，物质名词和抽象名词一般无法用数目计算，称为不可数名词(Uncountable Nouns)。归纳一下，名词的分类可以下图表示：
_______________________________________
||专有名词 ||
| 名 | | 个体名词 | |
|| || 可数名词|
|| | 集体名词 | |
||普通名词 || |
| 词 | | 物质名词 | |
|| || 不可数名词|
|| | 抽象名词 | |
2.不定冠词的用法
冠词是虚词，本身不能单独使用，也没有词义，它用在名词的前面，帮助指明名词的含义。英语中的冠词有三种，一种是定冠词(the Definite Article)，另一种是不定冠词(the Indefinite Article)，还有一种是零冠词(Zero Article)。
不定冠词a (an)与数词one 同源，是"一个"的意思。a用于辅音音素前，一般读作[e]，而an则用于元音音素前，一般读做[en]。
1) 表示"一个"，意为one;指某人或某物，意为a certain。
A Mr. Ling is waiting for you.
2) 代表一类人或物。
A knife is a tool for cutting with.
Mr. Smith is an engineer.
3) 词组或成语。
a little / a few / a lot / a type of / a pile / a great many / many a / as a rule / in a hurry / in a minute / in a word / in a short while / after a while / have a cold / have a try / keep an eye on / all of a sudden
3.人称代词的用法
(1)人称代词的主格在句子中作主语或主语补语，例如：
John waited a while but eventually he went home.
约翰等了一会儿，最后他回家了。
John hoped the passenger would be Mary and indeed it was she.
约翰希望那位乘客是玛丽，还真是她。
说明：在复合句中，如果主句和从句主语相同，代词主语要用在从句中，名词主语用在主句中，例如：
When he arrived, John went straight to the bank.
约翰一到就直接去银行了。
(2)人称代词的宾格在句子中作宾语或介词宾语，但在口语中也能作主语补语，第一人称在省略句中，还可以作主语，例如：
I saw her with them, at least, I thought it was her.
我看到她和他们在一起，至少我认为是她。(her做宾 语，them做介词宾语，her做主语补语)
a. -- Who broke the vase?--谁打碎了花瓶?
b. -- Me.--我。(me做主语补语= It’s me.)
说明：在上面两例句中，her和me分别作主语补语。现代英语中多用宾格，在正式文体中这里应为she和I。
4.动词
(1) 表示动作中状态的词叫做动词。
(2) 根据其在句中的功能，动词可分为四类，分别是：实义动词(Notional Verb)、系动词(Link Verb)、助动词(Auxiliary Verb)、情态动词(Modal Verb)。
说明：有些情况下，有些动词是兼类词，例如：
We are having a meeting. 我们正在开会。 (having是实义动词。)
He has gone to New York.他已去纽约。
(has是助动词。)
(3) 动词根据其后是否带有宾语，可分为两类，分别是：及物动词(Transitive Verb)、不及物动词(Intransitive Verb)，缩写形式分别为vt. 和vi.。
说明：同一动词有时可用作及物动词，有时可用作不及物动词。例如：
She can dance and sing.
她能唱歌又能跳舞。(sing在此用作不及物动词。)
She can sing many English songs.
她能唱好多首英文歌曲。(sing用作及物动词。)
4() 根据是否受主语的人称和数的限制，可分两类，分别是：限定动词(Finite Verb)、非限定动词(Non-finite Verb)例如：
She sings very well.
她唱得很好。(sing受主语she的限制，故用第三人称单数形式sings。)
She wants to learn English well.
她想学好英语。(to learn不受主语she的限制，没有词形变化，是非限定动词。
说明：英语中共有三种非限定动词，分别是：动词不定式(Infinitive)、动名词(Gerund)、分词(Participle)。
(5)根据动词的组成形式，可分为三类，分别是：单字词(One-Word Verb)、短语动词(Phrasal Verb)、动词短语(Verbal Phrase)例如：
The English language contains many phrasal verbs and verbal phrases.
英语里有许多短语动词和动词短语。(contains是单字动词。)
Students should learn to look up new words in dictionaries.
学生们学会查字典。(look up是短语动词。)
The young ought to take care of the old.
年轻人应照料老人。(take care of是动词短语。)
(6)动词有五种形态，分别是：原形(Original Form)、第三人称单数形式(Singular From in Third Personal)、过去式(Past Form)、过去分词(Past Participle)、现在分词(Present Participle)。
5.动名词
动名词作主语、宾语和表语
(1)作主语
Fighting broke out between the South and the North.
南方与北方开战了。
(2)作宾语
a. 动词后加动名词doing作宾语 V. + doing sth
admit 承认appreciate 感激,赞赏avoid 避免
complete 完成 consider 认为 delay 耽误 deny 否认 detest 讨厌 endure 忍受enjoy 喜欢escape 逃脱 prevent阻止
fancy 想象finish 完成 imagine 想象 mind 介意 miss 想念 postpone 推迟 practise 训练 recall 回忆 resent 讨厌resist 抵抗 resume 继续 risk 冒险
suggest 建议face 面对 include 包括stand 忍受understand 理解 forgive 宽恕 keep 继续
举例：
(1)Would you mind turning down your radio a little, please?
(2)The squirrel was lucky that it just missed being caught.
b. 词组后接doing
admit to prefer…tobe used to lead todevote oneself to object tostick to busylook forward to(to为介词)
no good,no use,It’s worth…, as well as,
can’t help,It’s no use /good be tired of
be fond of be capable of be afraid of
be proud of think of / about hold off
put off keep on insist oncount on / upon
set about be successful in good attake up
give upburst outprevent … from…
(3)作表语
Her job is washing，cleaning and taking care of the children.
6.动词不定式
1 不定式作宾语
1) 动词+ 不定式
afford aim appearagree arrangeaskbe decidebothercarechoose come dare demanddesiredetermine expectelectendeavorhopefail happen helphesitatelearn longmean manage offer ought planpreparepretend promiserefuseseem tend wait wish undertake
举例：
The driver failed to see the other car in time.
司机没能及时看见另一辆车。
I happen to know the answer to your question.
我碰巧知道你那道问题的答案。
2)动词+不定式 ;动词+宾语+不定式
ask, beg, choose, expect , hate, help intend like, love, need prefer, prepare, promise, want, wish…
I like to keep everything tidy.我喜欢每件东西都保持整洁。
I like you to keep everything tidy.我喜欢你年使每件东西都保持整洁。
I want to speak to Tom. 我想和汤姆谈话。
I want you to speak to Tom. 我想让你和汤姆谈话。
3) 动词+疑问词+ to
decide, know, consider forget, learn, remember, show, understand, see, wonder, hear, find out, explain, tell
Please show us how to do that. 请演示给我们如何去做。
There are so many kinds of tape-recorders on sale that I can’t make up my mind which to buy.有这么多的录音机，我都拿不定主意买哪一种。
注意:疑问词带不定式在句中作成分时，谓语动词用单数。
The question is how to put it into practice.
问题是怎样把它付诸实施。
7.分词
分词前置
We can see the rising sun. 我们可以看到东升的旭日
He is a retired worker. 他是位退休的工人
分词后置 (i分词词组;ii 个别分词如given, left; iii 修饰不定代词 something等)
There was a girl sitting there.有个女孩坐在那里
This is the question given. 这是所给的问题
There is nothing interesting. 没有有趣的东西
过去分词作定语
与其修饰的词是被动关系，相当于一个被动语态的定语从句。
Most of the people invited to the party were famous scientists.
Most of the artists invited to the party were from South Africa.
典型例题
1) The first textbook ___ for teaching English as a foreign language came out in the 16th century.
A. have written B. to be written C. being written D. written
答案D. 书与写作是被动关系，应用过去分词做定语表被动，相当于定语从句 which is written
2)What’s the language ____ in Germany?
A. speakingB. spoken C. be spokenD. to speak
答案B. 主语language与谓语动词之间有被动的含义。
spoken是动词speak的过去分词形式，在句中作定语，修饰主语language, spoken 与 language有被动关系。该句可以理解为：
What’s the language (which is) spoken in German?
