口诀9:省略句
人名、店名、标题名,状语从句主语同。不定符号to之后,口语比较从句中。
After dining at the Jones’ (house), I met him at my tailor’s (shop).
Vingo tightened his face, as if fortifying himself against still another disappointment.
口诀10:定冠词
序数、方位、最高级,乐器、党派和阶级。地理名词去湖泊,独一无二Space。普通名词专有化,一类人、物看回指。
“序数、方位、最高级,乐器、党派和阶级”,如:The Third Wave, join the Party, play the electronic organ( 中国乐器常常无冠词,如play dizi)。
“地理名词去湖泊,独一无二Space”指地理名词要有定冠词,如:the Alps, the Sahara, the Nile,但湖泊例外,如:Lake Baikal。
“独一无二Space”指独一无二的事物要加定冠词,但Space(“太空”),society(“社会”),man(“人类”)前无冠词。
“普通名词专有化”后要加定冠词,如:the United Nations, the Ministry of Education.
“一类人、物看回指”指定冠词和单数可数名词连用可指“一类人或物”,如:The lion is the king of beasts.
“看回指”是说回指前面已提到的事物时要加定冠词。
口诀11:零冠词
一日三餐有职位,物主、指代、every。季节、月份与星期,棋类、球类、节假日。
“一日三餐有职位”指一日三餐前、表示职位的名词前用零冠词,即无冠词,如:Her husband had been made Mayor.
“物主、指代、every”指名词前有物主代词、指代代词、名词所有格及every等修饰时。
“季节、月份与星期,棋类、球类、节假日”指在季节、月份、星期、棋类、球类、节假日前可不用冠词,然中国的传统节日前往往有定冠词。如:play volleyball, Saint Valentine’s Day, the Spring Festival
口诀12:不定代词之一
either、neither谓语单,none指人时同 no one; one复数是ones, another可置few前。
“either、neither谓语单”指either或neither作主语时谓语动词为单数,如:Either Neither sentence is correct English.
不定代词之二
Every、no只定语, each每个重个体,lots只有肯定句,other复数 others.
“Every、no只定语”指Every、no只能作定语,实际上应视为形容词。
不定代词之三
it代替同一物,that代替不可数;none作主语none of, 谓语可单也可复。All、both部分否。
“that代替不可数”,如:The population of China is large than that of USA.
“none作主语none of,谓语可单也可复”,如:None of us agree agrees with what he said.
“All、both部分否”,指All、both和not连用时是部分否定,而非全部否定。如:All that glitters is not gold.( 发光的未必都是金子。)
口诀13:连系动词
也叫系动词,共分三种,即“特征、状态,保态、变态”。
“特征、状态”指第一类单纯表示一种特征、状态,如:be, seem, appear, feel, look, sound, taste, smell,
“保态”指保持原有状态,如:remain, keep , continue
“变态”指改变原有状态,如:become, get, grow, come, go, turn, fall, prove
口诀14:情态动词之一
否定may时 mustn’t,否定must(为)needn’t。祝愿句中只用 may,把握不大用might。如:May you succeed.
情态动词之二
ought 、should两相通,语气ought to较重。该做没做用完成。
“该做没做用完成”是说ought to、should的完成时表示本该做的事,实际没做,有责备意。如:You should have been here 10 minutes earlier.
情态动词之三
情态need常否、疑,接完成时“本不必”;肯定should 、 must,动名、不定为实意。
此段表述的是need的用法,情态动词need多用于否定句、疑问句,接完成时是“本不必做实际做了”,肯定句中用should 、 must 、have to来代替,后接动名词、不定式时已为实意动词,而非情态动词。如:The motorcycle needs to be repaired. Your hair needs washing badly.
情态动词之四
条件、疑问与否定,dare to do表实动。
此段表述的是dare的用法,情态动词dare多用于条件句、否定句、疑问句,dare to do表示实意动词。如:Who dare touch my teeth? He dared to do so.
歌诀十五:介词except 与 except for
前后同,介、不、从。
尽管介词except 与 except for殊难区分,然一旦记住上面的六字口诀,问题便迎刃而解。具体是说,在表示“除外”时,besides是“加上”,except 和except for都是“减去”。在表示“减去”时,except 表示的是“减去”的内容属于同一类,否则用except for。
例:None of them can speak English except my teacher.(my teacher和 them是同类)
Your composition is good except for a few spelling mistakes.
(Composition和spelling mistakes不是同类)
except 还可接介词短语、不定式和从句,except for则不能接这些结构。
例:The farmer rarely went to the city except to hospital.
He can do everything except give birth.
They had no idea where the hotel was, except that it was near a post office.
口诀16:不同种类副词的词序
可记一句话:程、状、地,地、状、频,时间状语是殿军。
“程、状、地”指先后顺序,如:Children played fairly (程度) well (状态) there (地点)yesterday.
“地、状、频”,如:I have been to Germany (地点) delightfully (状态) twice (频度) in 2002. “时间状语是殿军”指时间状语总是放在最后面。