一、词汇手段表强调
英语中有些词在句中起强调作用,强调句中的动词、名词、数词、形容词、副词等。常见的如下:
(一)do表强调
1.在一般句型中,do(does,did)常用来强调谓语动词的语气,在句中要重读,且需符合下列两个条件:1句子是肯定句;2句子中的谓语动词是一般现在时或一般过去时。此时的do可译为“真的”、“果真”、“的确”、“确实”等。例如: You do look nice today.你今天看起来真的很漂亮。Jack said he would come and he did come.杰克说他要来,他果真来了。
2.在祈使句中,do表强意的请求,而不是命令,有时它可以使邀请对方的心意更加客气、热情、友好,而且亲切,此时的do可译为“务”、“务必”等。例如:Please do sit down.务请坐下。Do be careful!请务必小心谨慎! Do tell me all about it.I’ll keep it a dead secret.请告诉我吧,我一定严守秘密。
(二)good表强调
1.形容词good置于名词或形容词之前,可以起到强调作用,在不同的句子中可译为:“足足”、“整整”、“狠狠地”、“相当”、“很”等。例如:It’ll take you a good four hours to get there.到达那里足足需要你四个小时。His father gave him a good beating.他父亲狠狠地揍了他一顿。I covered a good hundred miles that day.那天我整整走了一百英里。
除good之外,cool,solid,clear等词也可以用来表强调。例如:His father earns a cool thousand dollars a month.他父亲每月能挣足足一千美元。 She has been waiting for her husband a solid hour.她等她丈夫等了整整一个小时。 The snake measures ten clear feet long.蛇足有十英尺长。
2.形容词good和and结合起来,构成good and …表强调,程度副词作状语,相当于very,thoroughly,completely等,强调and之后的形容词或副词。例如: These apples are good and ripe.这些苹果完全熟透了。He drove good and fast.他开车相当快。When it was good and dark,he left his home。当天完全黑了时,他离开了家。
除good之外,形容词nice,fine,sweet,rare,lovely等词也可以与and连用表强调。例如:The building stands nice and high.这座建筑挺高。The child was rare and hungry.这孩子饿得慌。It was lovely and cool there.那儿非常凉爽。
(三)very表强调 very常用在the,this,that或物主代词my,his ,our,your之后,加强名词的语意,意为“正是”、“就是”、“仅仅”、“甚至”等。例如:You are the very man I’m looking for.你正是我要找的人。At this very moment the telephone rang.就在这个时候电话铃响了。He knows our very thoughts.他甚至了解我们内心深处的思想。The fault is your very own.这完全是你自己的错。
(四)only表强调 only常置于单数名词之前,以加强名词的语意,意为“唯一的”、“仅有的”、“最合适的”、“无与伦比的”等。例如:This is the only book of its kind in the world.这本书是世界上仅有的一本。 Mr Brown is the only person able to do it.布朗先生是唯一能胜任的人。She is the only woman for the position.她是那个职位的最佳人选。
二、语法手段表强调 语法手段表强调指的是英语中的某些固定的强调句型,表强调的句型主要有两个:“it”强调句和假拟强调句。
(一)it强调句 it强调句结构为:“It is (was)+被强调的部分+that(who/whom)+句子的其它成分”,这种强调句除了不能强调谓语动词外,其它句子成分,如主语、宾语、宾语补足语、状语等都可以强调。例如:Anne had a severe heart attack last night.安妮昨晚得了严重的心脏病。此句可以用三个强调句分别强调主语、宾语和状语。It was Anne that had a severe heart attack last night.正是安妮昨晚得了严重的心脏病。(强调主语) It was a severe heart attack that Anne had last night.安妮昨晚得的是严重的心脏病。(强调宾语)It was last night that Anne had a severe heart attack.就是在昨晚安妮得了严重的心脏病。(强调状语) 又如:It is Chairman of the committee that they elected him.他们选举他担任的是这个委员会的主席。(强调宾补) It was because she was ill that she didn’t go to school yesterday.正是因为她病了,她昨天才没去上学。(强调原因状语从句)
it强调句还需注意以下几点:
1.如果被强调的主语或宾语是人时,可用that也可用who。例如:It is a policeman who (that) my son wants to be.我儿子想当的就是警察。
2.如果被强调的是人称代词,该人称代词可以用主格,也可以用宾格。非正式文体中多用宾格。例如:It is he(him)that is to blame.该受责备的是他。
3.如果原句中含有not…until,转变成强调句时,其结构为:It is(was)not until…that…。例如:I didn’t get your letter until yesterday.→It wasn’t until yesterday that I got your letter.直到昨天我才收到你的来信。
4.如果原句是一般疑问句,其强调结构为:Is(Was) it…that…;如果原句是特殊疑问句,其强调结构为:特殊疑问词+is (was)it that…。例如:Was it at eight o’clock that you began to work?你是在八点钟开始工作的吗? Where was it that you met him?你是在什么地方遇到他的? Why was it that he couldn’t answer the question?他为什么不能回答这个问题?
(二)假拟强调句 是一种主系表型的句子结构,它的两种形式:一是“what引导的从句+be+被强调的部分”,另一个是“被强调的部分+be+what引导的从句”。
1.“what引导的从句+be+被强调的部分”。此句型中被强调的部分是句中的表语,它可以是动词不定式、动名词短语或名词。例如:What he could do was (to) wait for the arrival of the doctor.他能做的就是等大夫来。(动词不定式) What the professor has been doing for years is studying the subject.教授几年来干的事情就是研究这个问题。(动名词短语) What John wants is a ball.约翰想要的是球。(名词)
2.“被强调的部分+be+what引导的从句”。此句型中被强调的部分是句中的主语。例如:A kite was what Bill made at school yesterday.比尔昨天在学校里制作的是一个风筝。
三、修辞手法表强调 是一些倒装句,为了强调句中的某一成分,或者用来描绘动作,抒发情感,或为保持句子的平稳而使用倒装句。
例如:Never have I seen such a good film.我从来没看过这么好的电影。Only in this way can you learn English well.只有用这种方法才能学好英语。So easy was the task that they finished it in a few days.这项工作非常容易,他们几天就完成了。Such was my study plan.这就是我的学习计划。Buried in the sands was an ancient village.埋在沙土之中的是一个古老的村庄。
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