成分插入类错误
有时一个本来很简单的句子，由于表达的需要，在其中置入一个插入成分，或将某些成分从正常位置调入一个在同学们看来属“非正常”的位置(如宾语从句前置等)，则很有可能给同学们的理解带来困难（尤其是阅读能力不是很好的同学会更感困难）。假若命题人就此命题，那就更麻烦了。请看以下几个实例：
◇He told me the news, believe it or not, _________ he hadearned $1 000 in a single day.
A. thatB. which C. asD. because
你知道句中的 believe it or not 是什么成分吗？你认为此题应填 which 吗？换句话说，填空句是一个非限制性定语从句吗？如果你正是这样认为的，那你就大错特错了。
◇She promised _________ he had enough money she would marry him.
A. thatB. if C. that if D. if that
【分析】此题答案应选A还是B？另外，that 与 if 可以重迭吗？若可以，是 that if 还是 if that？其中的 that 可以省略吗？
◇“Each of the students, working hard at his or her lessons, _________ to go to university.” “Sodo I”.
A. hopeB. hopes C. hopingD. hoped
空白处是谓语还是非谓语？该填 hope(s) 还是 hoping? 其中的 working hard at his or her lessons 在句中起什么作用？
你若想知道以上问题的答案，或想知道其他相关更多问题的答案，请继续往下读。
1. Don’t you know, my dear friend, _________ it is you that she loves?
A. who B. which C. that D. what
【分析】此题容易误选 A或B，选 A 者认为这是指人的，故用 who；选B者认为这是非限制性定语从句，两者都是误认为这是定语从句(注意没有先行词)，其实此题应选C，它引导的是一个宾语从句，只是被其中的插入语 my dear friend 隔开罢了。其实此句也可说成 My dear friend, don’t youknow that it is you that she loves? 又如：
I think, though I could be mistaken, _________ he liked me.
A. who B. which C. thatD. what
答案选 C，句子可改写为 I think that he liked me, though I could be mistaken. 即 that he liked me 是动词 think 之宾语从句。
2. He told me the news, believe it or not, _________ he had earned $1 000 in a single day.
A. that B. which C. asD. because
【分析】此题容易误选 B，误认为这是非限制性定语从句。其实此题应选 A，that 引导的是一个用以修饰名词 the news 的同位语从句。不少同学之所以误选B，正是 believe it or not（信不信由你）这个插入成分惹的祸。
3. John plays football _________, if not better than, David.
A. as well B. as well as C. so well D. so well as
此句的正常结构是这样的：John plays football as well as David, if he doesn’t play football betterthan David. 由于命题者将其后的状语从句移至句中，且将其省略成 if not better than，不少学生(尤其是一些阅读能力较差的学生)对这个句子的分析感到无从下手，从而导致误选。此题正确答案应为 B。
【分析】此题应选B。容易误选A。这是一个省略句, 其中的if not better than＝if he doesn’t playfootballbetter than。全句意为：吉姆踢足球如果不是比迈克踢得更好, 至少也是一样好。请做以下类似试题 (答案均选D)：
(1) Her pronunciation is _________, if not better than, her teacher’s.
A. as well B. as well asC. as goodD. as good as
(2) This bridge is _________, if not stronger than, that one.
A. so strongB. as strongC. so strong asD. as strong as
(3) He has been to Paris_________, if not more than, ten times.
A. so much B. so many C. so much D. as many as
4. The film brought the hours back to me _________ I was taken good care of in that far-awayvillage.
A. untilB. that C. when D. where
分析：此题容易误选 B，误认为 that 引导一个宾语从句。其实此题应选 C，when 引导的是一个修饰 the hours 的定语从句，该题的难点是定语从句与先行词 the hours被分离了。其实关系副词 when 引导的定语从句与先行词分离的情况在英语中并不少见，如：
(1) The days are gone forever _________ we didn’t have enough to eat.
A. sinceB. thatC. whereD. when
答案选D。when we didn’t have enough to eat 修饰 the days。
(2) I believe the time will soon come _________ there will be no weapons in the world.
A. sinceB. thatC. whereD. when
答案选D。when there will be no weapons in the world 修饰 the time。
5. Dorothy was always speaking highly of her role in the play, _________, of course, made theothers unhappy.
A. who B. which C. this D. what
许多学生认为此题句子结构比较混乱，逗号太多，难于理清头绪。请同学们先看下面一句：Dorothy was always speaking highly of her role in the play, _________ made the othersunhappy. 一般同学都知道此题应填关系代词 which，用以引导一个非限制性的定语从句。事实上，上面一题就是根据此题演变出来，只不过在 which 与 made 之间插入了一个 of course。所以上面一题应选B。又如：
(1) The meeting was put off, _________, of course, was exactly what we wanted.
A. who B. which C. thisD. what
(2) He was very fond of speaking French, _________, indeed, he spoke well.
A. who B. which C. thisD. what
以上两题答案均选B，which 引导的为非限制性定语从句，其后的 of course 和 indeed 为插入成分。
6. “Each of the students, working hard at his or her lessons, _________ to go to university.” “Sodo I”.
A. hopeB. hopes C. hoping D. hoped
【分析】此题应选B，句子的真正主语是 each of the students，空格处填的 hopes 是句子谓语，其中的 working hard at his or her lessons 是插入句中修饰主语的非限制定语。又如：
(1) Each of the students, hoping to pass the exam, _________ the book.
A. buyingB. having bought C. must buyD. to buy
答案选C，each of the students 是句子主语，空格处为句子谓语，hoping to pass the exam 是修饰句子主语的非限制性定语。
(2) Many countries, for example, Mexico and Japan, _________ a lot of earthquakes.
A. have B. havingC. to have D. having had
答案选A，many countries 是句子主语，空格处为句子谓语。
7. “I haven’t heard from Henry for a long time.” “What do you suppose _________ to him?”
A. was happening B. to happenC. has happenedD. had happened
【分析】此题容易误选B，认为动词 suppose 后接动词用不定式。正确答案应是C，其中的 do yousuppose 是插入成分。请看以下类例情形（答案均选D）：
(1) Who do you think _________ the money?
A. to steal B. stealing C. to have stolenD. stole
(2) What do you suppose _________ him think so?
A. to makeB. making C. to have madeD. made
(3) Who do you guess _________ to the station to meet her?
A. to goB. goingC. to have gone D. went
(4) What do you imagine _________ him from going?
A. to preventB. preventingC. to have preventedD. prevented
以下各例中的 do you think (suppose, imagine, guess, etc) 也是插入成分，但其后接的句子用陈述句词序：
Who do you think he will marry? 你认为他会同谁结婚？
What do you think we should give her? 你认为我们该给她点什么呢？
When do you believe he will come? 你认为他会什么时候来？
What do you guess he wants to buy? 你猜他想买什么呢？
8. She looks forward every spring to _________ the flower-lined garden.
A. visit B. paying a visit C. walk inD. walking in
【分析】此题考查的关键是短语 look forward to (盼望)，其中的 to 是介词，不是不定式符号。由于句中插入了 every spring 这一状语，使得 look forward 与介词 to 分离，从而使许多考生误选。有了以上分析，我们知道，空格前的 to 是介词，所以后接动词用动名词，所以应选B或D，由于 pay a visit 后不能带宾语（比较：pay a visit to 后可带宾语），所以只能选D。
