1. 定语从句在句子中作定语,用来修饰一个名词、名词词组或者代词
2. 先行词和引导词
被修饰的名词、名词词组或代词叫做先行词;在先行词和定语从句之间起连接作用的词叫做引导词。引导词语可分为“关系代词”和“关系副词”。
3. 关系代词和关系副词
关系代词有:who, whom, whose, that, which, as。关系副词有:when, where, why。
<>注意:关系副词里面没有how。如果要修饰方式,用that或in which引导,或者不用引导词。
I don’t like the way (that, in which) he eyed me. 我不喜欢他看我的那个样子。
4. 关系代词:who
关系动词who在从句中主要作为主语,在非正式语体里who还可以作从句中的宾语。
He is the man who wants to see you. 他就是想要见你的那个人。(who在句中作为主语)
Succeed will come to him who is honest and diligent. 成功将归于诚实而勤奋的人。
5. 关系代词:whom
He is the man whom I saw in the park yesterday.
他就是我昨天在公园里见到的那个人。(whom在从句中作宾语)
作宾语用的引导词可以省略,因此上面的句子可以改写如下:He is the man I saw in the park yesterday.
6. 关系代词:whose用来指人或物(只能用作定语, 若指物,它还可以同of which互换)。
They rushed over to help the man whose car had broken down.
那人车坏了,他们跑过去帮忙。
Please pass me the book whose (of which) cover is green. 请递给我那本绿皮的书。
7. 关系代词:which(1)
which指物,在从句中作为主语或宾语,作宾语时在非正式语体中可以省略。
They needed a plant which didn’t need as much water as rice.
他们需要一种不像水稻那么需要水的作物。(主语)
The farm (which) we visited yesterday is located in the suburb of Beijing.
我们昨天参观的农场位于北京郊区。(作宾语,可省略。)
8. 关系代词:which(2)
当在which和that面前进行选择的情况下,一下情况要选which:
1).在非限制性定语从句中通常用which作引导词,而不能用that做非限制性定语从句的引导词。
2). 修饰整个主句。
I never met Julia again after that, which was a pity.
从那以后我再也没有见到朱莉叶,真是遗憾。
3). 修饰谓语部分。
He can swim in the river, which I cannot. 他会在河里游泳,那正是我不会的。
4). 介词 + which
They are all questions to which there are no answers. 那些问题都是无头公案。
9. 关系代词:that(1)
that多用来指物,有时也可以用来指人;在从句中作主语或宾语。
指物的时候多用that,也可用which。
It’s a question that (which) needs careful consideration.
这是一个需要仔细考虑的问题。(指物,作为主语。)
Who is the man that is reading a magazine under the tree?
树下那个在看杂志的那个人是谁?(指人,作为主语。)
The girl (that) we saw yesterday is Tom’s sister.
我们昨天看到的那个女孩是汤姆的妹妹。(指人,作宾语,可省略。)
10. 关系代词:that(2)
在以下的情况中,只能用that作引导词,而不能用which作引导词。
1). 先行词为all , everything, anything, nothing, little等不定代词时。
All that she lacked was training. 她所缺少的是训练。
everything等为先行词时,引导词可以省略。
Have you everything you need? 你要的东西都有了吗?
Is there anything I can do for you? 有什么事要我做吗?
All you have to do is to press the button. 你所要做的就是按一下电钮。
2). 先行词被形容词最高级修饰时
This is the best film that I have ever seen. 这是我看过的电影中最好的一部。
3). 先行词被序数词和the last修饰时
4). 先行词中既有人又有物时
They talked about the teachers and the schools that they had visited.
他们谈论他们参观过的那些学校和老师们。
5). 主句是含有who或which的特殊疑问句,为了避免重复时