英语句子的基本结构可以归纳成五种基本句型及其扩大、组合、省略或倒装。掌握这五种基本句型,是掌握各种英语句子结构的基础。
英语五种基本句型列式如下:
一: S V (主+谓)
二: S V P (主+系+表)
三: S V O (主+谓+宾)
四: S V o O (主+谓+间宾+直宾)
五: S V O C (主+谓+宾+宾补)
基本句型 一:S V (主+谓)
这类句子的谓语动词都是不及物动词,都不带宾语,但可以带状语,常见的不及物动词有: act, come, go, work, last, fall, cry, disappear, appear, smile, rise, ring,live, look, listen, laugh, hurry, talk, sleep, retire, graduate, die, care, agree, ,jump, fail, wait, succeed, stay, sit, lie, shine, happen, take place, rain, snow, ect. 如:
It is raining now. (S V)
基本句型 二: S V P (主+系+表)
系动词主要是be. 但还有一些动词在有些时候也可作系动词,有人称之为半系动词。
常见的半系动词有:
(1)表示特征和存在状态的 be, seem, feel, appear, look, smell, taste, sound等;
(2)表示状态延续的 remain, stay, keep, continue, stand等;
(3)表示状态变化的 become, get, turn, go, run, fall, come, grow等。
系动词不能单独作谓语,要和表语一起作谓语
He is a student. (S V P)
Your idea sounds great. (S V P)
基本句型 三: S V O (主+谓+宾)
此结构是由“主语+及物动词(词组)+宾语”构成。宾语可以是名词、代词、数词,动名词、动词不定式或词组、the +形容词、分词以及从句等。如,
She likes English.
We planted a lot of trees on the farm yesterday.
基本句型 四: S V o O (主+谓+间宾+直宾)
有些及物动词可以有两个宾语,如:give给,pass递,bring带,show显示。这两个宾语通常一个指人,为间接宾语;一个指物,为直接宾语。间接宾语一般位于直接宾语之前。
一般的顺序为:动词 + 间接宾语 + 直接宾语。He give me a cup of tea. (S V o O)
强调间接宾语顺序为:动词 + 直接宾语 +介词+ 间接宾语。Show this house to Mr. Smith.
若直接宾语为人称代词:动词+ 代词直接宾语 +介词+ 间接宾语。Bring it to me, please. (不能说 Bring me it, please。)
常跟双宾语的及物动词有:
(需借助to的)allow, bring, deny, do(带来), give, grant, hand, leave, lend, offer, owe, pass, pay, permit, promise, read, refuse, render, restore, sell, send, show, teach, tell wish, write等
(需借助for 的)bring, buy, cash, choose, fetch, get, leave, make, order, paint, play(演奏),save, sing, spare等
He sent me an English-Chinese Dictionary. = He sent an English-Chinese Dictionary to me.
She gave John a book.= She bought a book for me.
基本句型 五: S V O C (主+谓+宾+宾补)
此句型的句子的特点是:动词虽然是及物动词,但是只跟一个宾语还不能表达完整的意思,必须加上一个补充成分来补足宾语,才能使意思完整。
宾语补足语:位于宾语之后对宾语做出说明的成分。宾语与其补足语有逻辑上的主谓关系,它们一起构成复合宾语。
The war made him a soldier.(S V O C他成为一个士兵,构成逻辑上的主谓关系)
New methods make the job easy. (S V O C)
I often find him at work. (S V O C)