写作最忌拖泥带水,文思含糊不清。无可否认,复杂的思想不是片言只字可以描绘出来,但是在可能情况下,要力求用词既简洁又准确,并使内容丰富,而不是词藻华而不实,内容却贫乏。
要怎样才能用词简洁而准确呢?
这里只谈准确问题,简洁问题下文才讨论。
首先,不要乱用不贴切同义词,如:
(1) That unemployed man gained great fame as a robber.
(2) The commander’s obstinacy in the face of the thunderstorm saved all the sailors in the ship.
“Fame”(好名声)和“obstinacy”(固执)的意思适合这两句吗?前者需要的是个贬义词;后者要的是个褒义词。因此1.里的“fame”要改为“notoriety”(坏名声),而2.里的“obstinacy”要变成“perseverance”(毅力/坚持不懈)才贴切。
其次,注意字的拼写法,如:
(3) Have you read the antidote of that famous novelist?
(4) There is a very low baby morality rate here.
从拼写看,3.里的“antidote”(解药)很像“anecdote”(轶事)。4.里的“morality”(道德)酷似“mortality”(死亡人数)。莫怪会有拼写之误,真是差之毫厘,失之千里,必须即刻纠正。
把“hungry”(饥饿)看成为“Hungary”(匈牙利)也属于这类错误。
第三,不可杜撰派生词,如:
(5) 由于前缀不对而派生词有错,如:
* inspiritual ; * unpolitical ;
*disconception ; *nonresponsible.
(6) 由于后缀错误而派生词不对,如:
* understandment ; *disappearation ;
*unfriendship.
5.和6.里的派生词都是凭私意杜撰的,必须改为:
non-spiritual, non-political,
misconception, irresponsible, understanding,
disappearance, unfriendliness.
最后,不可随意转化词类,如:
(7) The lawyer opinioned that the suspect was innocent.
(8) Jason, a famous writer, planned to biography the ex-president.
7.里的“opinioned”是从名词转化而来的动词。据了解,这个名词不可转化为动词;因此,还是保持它的名词原貌:
(9) The lawyer was of the opinion that the suspect was innocent.
同样的道理8.里的“biography”也要打回原形,即名词:
(10) Jason, a famous writer, planned to write a biography for the ex-president.
上述四种问题,极为普遍,值得大家注意。当然,用词准确与否,还牵涉到其他问题,如词的配搭,对句法等。由于这些问题性质不同,范畴有别,不可扯在一起,必须逐一分开讨论。