一、概说
引用别人的话一般有两种方式,一种是直接述别人的原话,并把它放在引号内,这叫直接引语;另一种是用自己的话来转述别人的话,并且不能用引号,这就是间接引语。间接引语在许多情况下构成宾语从句。如:
“I want to buy a house in the country.” Jack said. 杰克说:“我想在乡下买座房子。”(直接引语)
Jack said that he wanted to buy a house in the country. 杰克他说他想在乡下买座房子。(间接引语)
“Did you buy any books for me?” he asked his mother. 他问他母亲:“给我买书没有?”
He asked his mother if he had bought any books for him. 他问他母亲给他买书没有。
“Don’t sleep in class again.” the teacher told Jim. 老师对吉姆说:“上课不要再睡觉了。”
The teacher told Jim not to sleep in class again. 老师叫吉姆上课不要再睡觉了。
二、直接引语变间接引语的五点变化
1. 时态的变化
直接引语变为间接引语时,若主句为过去时态,变为间接引语的宾语从句通常要将时态往后推一个,即:一般现在时变为一般过去时,一般将来时变为过去将来时,现在进行时变为过去进行时,现在完成时变为过去完成时,一般过去时也变为过去完成时,等等(若直接引语为过去完成时,变为间接引语可以不变)。另外,若直接引语中有情态动词can, may等,也应变成过去式could, might等(情态动词must可以变为had to,也可不变,should, ought to, had better 等可以不变):
“I want to stay here.” he said. 他说:“我想留在这儿。”
→He said that he wanted to stay there. 他说他想留在那儿。
She said, “It’s raining very hard.” 他说:“雨下得很大。”
→He said that it was raining very hard. 他说雨下得很大。
Jim said, “I can speak Chinese.” 吉姆说:“我会讲汉语。”
→Jim said that he could speak Chinese. 吉姆说他会讲汉语
(1) 若直接引语为客观真理,则变为间接引语时时态不变:
He said, “The sun rises in the east.” 他说:“太阳从东方升起。”
→He said that the sun rises in the east. 他说太阳从东方升起。
(2) 有时由于直接引语有特定的过去时间状语,变为间接引语时时态也可不变:
He said, “ was born in 1988.” 说:“我是1988年生的。”
→He said that he was born in 1988. 他说他是1988年生的。
2. 时间状语的变化
直接引语变间接引语时,有些时间状语根据情况也要相应的改动:如将now改为then,将today 改为that day,将tonight改为that night,将yesterday改为the day before,将this month改为thatmonth,将last week改为the week before,将three years ago改为three years before,将tomorrow改为the next day,将next year改为the next year,等等:
He said, “I’m very busy now.” 他说:“我现在很忙。”
→He said that he was very busy then. 他说他当时很忙。
He said, “I want to leave today.” 他说:“他想今天离开。”
→He said that he wanted to leave that day. 他说他想那天就离开。
He said, “She left yesterday.” 他说:“她昨天离开了。”
→He said that she had left the day before. 他说她前一天就离开了。
She said, “I’ll tell you tomorrow.” 她说:“我明天告诉你。”
→She said that she would tell me the next day. 她说她第二天告诉我。
以上变化有时应视情况而定,若在当时转述,now不必改为then;若在当天转述,today, yesterday, tomorrow等不必改为that day, the day before, the next day等;若在当周转述,thisweek, last week 不必改为that week, the last week;若在当年转述,this year, last year 不必改为that year, the last year等。
3. 代词的变化
在直接引语变为间接引语时,有些代词也要作相应的变化,如指示代词this和these通常变为that和those。同时人称代词、物主代词、反身代词等也要根据具体情况作出合理的调整:
He said, “This is my seat.” 他说:“这是我的座位。”
→He said that that was his seat. 他说那是他的座位。
“I can look after myself.” she said. 她说:“我能照顾自己。”
→She said that she could look after herself. 她说他能照顾自己。
若场所和地点不发生改变,this和that也可以不变。
4. 地点状语的变化
主要涉及的地点状语是here,它在间接引语中通常要变为there:
“I live here now.” he said. 他说:“我现在住在这里。”
→He said that he lived there then. 他说他当时住在那儿。
若在当地转述,则here也可不必改为there。
5. 动词的变化
直接引语变为间接引语时,有个别动词也可能需要改变,如come改为go,bring改为take等:
“He will come today.” she said. 她说:“他今天会来。”
→She said that he would go that day. 她说他那天会去。
若地点和场所未发生改变,come和bring等也可不变。
三、直接引语变间接引语的五类方法
1. 直接引语为陈述句时如何变为间接引语
方法是:将直接引语变为由that引导的宾语从句跟在引述动词之后(that也可省略):
“I don’t love her.” he says. 他说:“我不爱她。”
→He says that he doesn’t love her. 他说他不爱她。
注:(1)若引述动词用的是say to sb,则通常改为tell sb:
“It’s a secret.” he said to me. 他对我说:“这是秘密。”
→He told me that it was a secret. 他对我说那是秘密。
(2)若直接引语是两个并列的陈述句,要注意在第二个宾语从句前加连词that:
He says, “I like singing and I want to be a singer.” 他说:“我喜欢唱歌,我想当歌手。”
→He says that he likes singing and that he wanted to be a singer. 他说他喜欢唱歌,想当歌手。
在此种情况下,引导第一个宾语从句的that有时可以省略,但引导第二个宾语从句的that通常不省略,以免误解。
2. 直接引语为一般疑问句时如何变为间接引语
方法是:将直接引语变为由if或whether引导的宾语从句跟在引述动词之后:
“Are you ill?” he asked. 他问:“你病了吗?”
→He asked if [whether] I was ill. 他问我是否病了。
注:(1)改为宾语从句的间接引语要用陈述句词序。
(2)若直接引语引述动词为say,改成间接引语应将其改为ask等。
3. 直接引语为特殊疑问句时如何变为间接引语
方法是:将直接引语变为由“疑问词”引导的宾语从句跟在引述动词之后:
He asked, “When did she leave?” 他问:“她什么时候离开的?”
→He asked when she had left. 他问她什么时候离开的。
注:(1)改为宾语从句的间接引语要用陈述句词序。
(2)若直接引语引述动词为say,改成间接引语应将其改为ask等。
4. 直接引语为祈使句时如何变为间接引语
方法是:使用ask [tell, order] sb to do sth这一结构进行转换,若祈使句为否定式,则用ask [tell, order] sb not to do sth,其中ask, tell, order的选择视句子的语气而定:
“Come early tomorrow, Jim.” he said. 他说:“吉姆,明天早点来。”
→He told Jim to come early the next day. 他叫吉姆第二天早点来。
“Don’t be late again, Mary.” he said. 他说:“玛丽,不要再迟到了。”
→He told Mary not to be late again. 他叫玛丽不要再迟到了。
注:(1)除动词ask, tell, order外,有时也可能用其他动词
“Don’t go out at night, Jim.” he said. 他说:“吉姆,晚上别出去。”
→He warned Jim not to go out at night. 他警告吉姆晚上不要出去。
(2)若祈使句中没有呼语,应根据句意给动词ask, tell, order等补上适当的宾语:
“Watch carefully.” he said. 他说:“仔细看着。”
→He told us to watch carefully. 他叫我们仔细看着。
5. 直接引语变间接引语的非正常方法
有时直接引语变为间接引语时,可根据具体的语境选用某种特定的方式,而不拘泥于以上通常方法:
“You had better hurry, Bill.” he said. 他说:“比尔,你最好快点。”
→He advised Bill to hurry. 他建议比尔快点。
“Shall we meet at two?” he said. 他说:“我们两点集合好不好?”
→He suggested meeting at two. 他建议两点集合。
“Shall I do it for you?” he asked. 他说:“我替你做好吗?”
→He offered to do it for me. 他主动提出替我做。
“Could you help us?” he said. 他说:“请帮帮我们好吗?”
→He asked me to help them. 他叫我帮帮他们。
有些直接引语比较特殊,不太适宜用以上方法变间接引语,也应根据句意选用恰当的表达方式:
“Thank you.” he said. 他说:“谢谢你。”
→He thanked me. 他向我表示感谢。
“Good luck.” he said. 他说:“祝你好运。”
→He wished me good luck. 他祝我好运。
He said, “Liar.” 他说:“你撒谎。”
→He called me a liar. 他骂我撒谎。