of simulation & dissimulation 论作伪与掩饰

dissimulation is but a faint kind of policy, or wisdom; for it asketh a strong wit, and a strong heart, to know when to tell truth, and to do it therefore it is me weaker sort of politics, that are the great dissemblers.

掩饰不过是策略或智谋中较弱的一种，因为要知道何时当说真话，何时当行真事需要强壮的脑筋和心胸也。因此政治家之中较弱的一流方是善于掩饰者。

tacitus saith; livia sorted well, with the arts of her husband, and dissimulation of her son: attributing arts or policy to augustus, and dissimulation to tiberius. and again, when lucianus encourageth vespasian, to take arms against vitellius, he saith; we rise not, against the piercing judgment of augustus, nor the extreme caution or closeness of tiberius. these properties of arts or policy, and dissimulation or closeness, are indeed habits and faculties, several, and to be distinguished. for if a man have that penetration of judgment, as he can discern, what things are to be laid open, and what to be secreted, and what to be showed at half lights, and to whom, and when (which indeed are arts of state, and arts of life, as tacitus well calleth mem), to him, a habit of dissimulation is a hindrance, and a poorness. but if a man cannot obtain to that judgment, then it is left to him, generally, to be close, and a dissembler. for where a man cannot choose, or vary in particulars, there it is good to take the safest and wariest way in general; like the going softly by one that cannot well see. certainly the ablest men that ever were, have had all an openness, and frankness of dealing; and a name of certainty, and veracity; but then they were like horses, well managed; for they could tell passing well when to stop, or turn: and at such times, when they thought the case indeed required dissimulation, if then they used it, it came to pass, that me former opinion, spread abroad of their good faith, and clearness of dealing, made them almost invisible.

泰西塔斯说：“里维亚同她丈夫底智略和她儿子底虚伪都很融洽”就是说奥古斯塔斯有智略而泰比瑞阿斯善掩饰的意思。又当缪西阿奴斯劝外斯帕显举兵攻委泰立阿斯的时候，他说：“我们现在起事，所与为敌者既不是奥古斯塔斯底洞察的判断力，也不是泰比瑞阿斯底极端审慎或隐密”这些特质——权谋或策略与掩饰或隐密——确是不同的习惯与能力，并且是应当辨别的。因为假如一个人有那种明察的能力，能够看得出某事应当公开，某事应当隐秘，某事应当在半明半暗之中微露，并且看得出这事底或隐或显应当是对何人，在何时(这些正即是泰西塔斯所谓的治国与处世的要术)，那末在他这样的一个人，一种掩饰的习惯是一种阻挠，一个弱点。但是假如一个人达不到那种明察的能力，那末他就不得不常趋隐秘，并且为一个掩饰者了。因为一个人在不能随机应变有所选择的时候，自以取那一般地最安全最谨慎的途径为佳;就好象目力不济的人走路是轻而且慢一样。无疑地，从来最有能力的人都是有坦白直爽的行为，信实不欺的名誉的;可是他们是象训练得很好的马一样，因为他们极能懂得何时当止，何时当转，并且在他们以为某事真需要掩饰的时候，如果他们果然掩饰了，以往流传各处的关于他们底信实和正直坦白的见解也使他们差不多不至为人所疑的。