◆mean v.
1. 表示“打算”,主语只能是人,其后可接不定式,但不接动名词。如:
What do you mean to do with it? 你打算怎样处理它?
He did not mean to hurt you. 他不是有意要伤害你。
注:若表示过去未曾实现的打算,即表示本来打算做但并未做成的事,通常用过去完成时,有时在不引起误解的情况下也可用一般过去时。如:
We had meant to be early, but we got up too late. 我们本来想早点来的,但起床起迟了。
I (had) meant to call on you, but I was so busy. 我本想来看你的,但是我太忙了。
以上意思有时也用“meant to have+过去分词”来表示。如:
I meant to have told you about it yesterday. /I had meant to tell you about it yesterday. 我本来打算昨天把这事告诉你的。
2. 表示“意味着”、“需要”等,句子主语一般是事物(有时也可用 it, this, that 等),其后可接动名词,但不接不定式。如:
This illness will mean going to hospital. 得了这种病就意味着要住院。
比较并体会以下句子:
If we mean to catch the early bus, that means getting up before five. 要想赶早班车,我们就得在五点钟以前起床。
3. 表示“有意义”、“有价值”,通常与 much, little, a lot, a great deal, nothing, everything, anything 等词连用。如:
Money means nothing to me. 钱对我来说是无所谓的。
You don’t know how much you mean to me. 你不知道我多么喜欢你。
◆means n.
用作名词,主要表示“方式”、“方法”、“手段”等,使用时注意以下几点:
1. 单复数同形(永远有词尾-s)。若用作主语,其谓语的数需根据句意来确定。如:
All possible means have been tried. 所有可能的办法都已经试过了。
Every possible means has been tried. 每种可能的办法都已经试过了。
有时用作主语其单复数意思不明,则谓语可用单数或复数。如:
Is [Are] there any other means of doing it? 做这事还有其它的什么办法吗?
2. 表示做某事的方法,其后通常接“of+(动)名词”。如:
There is no means of finding out what happened. 无法弄清发生了什么事情。
Taking a plane is the quickest means of getting there. 去那儿最快的办法是坐飞机。
注:有时也可后接不定式,但不如接 of doing sth 常见。另外有时也可后接 for doing sth, 也不如用 of doing sth 常见。
3. 表示以某种方式、方法或手段,通常用介词 by。如:
This money wasn’t earned by honest means. 这笔钱不是通过正当手段得来的(=这笔钱来路不正)。
He explained to us the means by which he persuaded her to come. 他给我们说明了他是如何说服她来的。
注:与介词 by 连用的常用词组:
(1) by means of 意为“依靠”、“通过”。如:
He made a fortune by means of industry. 他靠勤劳致富。
He got into the house by means of an open window. 他从一扇开着的窗户爬进屋去。
(2) by all means 意为“一定要”、“当然可以”。如:
A:Can I have a look at it? 我可以看看吗?
B:By all means. 当然可以。
(3) by no means 意为“绝不”、“一点也不”(用于句首,句子要倒装)。如:
I’m by no means happy about his work. 我对他的工作一点也不满意。
By no means should he be left alone. 绝不能把他单独留下。
(实习编辑:于晓伟)