一、概说
英语分词分现在分词和过去分词。现在分词与动名词相同,规则动词的过去分词与过去式相同,不规则动词的过去分词没有特别规则,需特别记忆。分词是非谓语动词的一种,它一方面具有动词性质,可以有自己的状语,另一方面又具有形容词和副词功能,可用作定语和状语等。
二、现在分词的句法功能
1. 作表语
The news is encouraging. 这消息令人鼓舞。
The present situation is terrifying. 目前形势令人惊恐。
Please be seated. 请坐好。
The window was broken. 窗户破了。
注:(1) 有的用作表语的分词具有形容词性质,有的甚至已转化为形容词。
(2) 现在分词和动名词作表语的区别:现在分词作表语主要表示主语的性质和特征,而动名词作表语则主要是对主语内容的进一步说明和解释。另外,动名词作表语时它可与主语交换位置,而现在分词作表语则不可与主语交换位置:
误:Very interesting is my job.
正:Looking after the children is my job.
还有,作表语的现在分词不能带宾语,而作表语用的动名词可以带宾语(如上例)。
2. 作定语
What disappointing news! 多么令人失望的消息!
The story had a satisfying ending. 这故事有一个令人满意的结局。
She is a trained nurse. 她是一个受过训练的护士。
All these are required subjects. 所有这些都是必修课。
注:(1) 单个的分词作定语可以置于被修饰词语之前,但若是分词短语作定语则应置于被修饰名词之后:
There is a gentleman asking to see you. 有一位先生要求见你。
She bought a computer produced in China. 她买了一台中国生产的电脑。
(2) 由现在分词being构成的短语通常不能用作后置定语,除非这个being是构成被动结构的助动词:
误:Anyone being ill can take the medicine.
正:Anyone who is ill can take the medicine. 任何人病了都可服这药。
正:He isn’t interested in the question being discussed. 他对讨论的问题不感兴趣。
(3) 现在分词作后置定语时,它所表示的动作通常不能发生在谓语动作之前(这也就是为什么现在分词的完成式不能用作后置定语的原因):
误:The man stealing [having stolen] the car was caught.
正:The man who stole the car was caught. 偷汽车的那个人被抓了。
(4) 现在分词作定语与动名词作定语的区别:现在分词作定语时,它所修饰的名词通常就是现在分词的逻辑主语,并且通常可转换成一个定语从句;而动名词作定语表示的是被修饰名词的作用、作途等。比较:
a moving truck 正在移动的汽车(moving为现在分词,与truck有主谓关系)
a moving truck 搬家汽车(moving为动名词,说明truck的用途)
a hunting dog 正在猎物的狗(hunting为现在分词,与dog有主谓关系)
a hunting dog 猎狗(hunting为动名词,说明dog的用途)
3. 作状语
分词作状语可以表示多种关系:
(1) 表时间:
Seeing the cat, the mouse ran off. 见到猫,老鼠就跑了。
The work finished, he went home. 工作做完后,他就回家了。
(2) 表原因:
Being very weak, she couldn’t move. 她由于身体虚弱而不能行动。
His car broken down, he had to walk. 他的车坏了,所以只好走路。
Much discouraged,she moved on to London. 她很沮丧,搬到了伦敦。
(3) 表条件:
United, we stand; divided, we fall. 团结则存,分裂则亡。
Given more time, we could have done it better. 如果多给点时间,我们可以做得更好。
Working hard, you will succeed. 如果努力工作,你就可以成功。
Adding them all up, we can find the answer. 如果把它们加起来,我们就可以得到答案。
(4) 表让步:
Although living miles away, he attended the course. 虽然住在几英里以外,他仍去上课。
Defeated, he remained a popular boxer. 虽然被击败了,他仍是一个受欢迎的拳击手。
(5) 表方式:
He earns a living driving a truck. 他靠开卡车谋取生。
I’m returning you letter as requested. 我按要求给你退信。
(6) 表伴随:
He sat in the chair reading newspapers. 他坐在椅子上看报。
Don’t you sit there doing nothing. 别什么也不干坐在那里。
He came in, followed by his wife. 他走了进来,后面跟着他的妻子。
(7) 表结果:
He fired, killing one of the passers-by. 他开枪了,打死了一个过路人。
He died, leaving his wife with five children. 他死了,留下他妻子和五个儿子。
It rained and rained, vehicles bogged and bridges washed out. 雨不停地下,车辆陷入泥沼,桥梁被水冲去。
4. 作宾语补足语
He soon had them all laughing. 他很快逗得大家都笑了。
I saw her being taken to the operating room. 我看见她被送到手术室。
We found him greatly changed. 我们发现他变化很大。
I heard my name called. 我听到有人叫我的名字。
All these are required subjects. 所有这些都是必修课。